![]() Comparative metrical data obtained from Steiger’s dissertation was used in bivariate- as well as multivariate canonical discriminant analysis to predict the species of the Tulln specimen by measurements from skeletal elements. Measurements ( S1 Table, S2 Table, S3 Table) were taken according to von den Driesch, Steiger and Pigière and Henrotay. The species identification was attempted by comparisons with the reference collection at the Institute and according to literature. Reconstruction and morphological investigations were performed at the Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology at the Veterinary Medicine University Vienna. The bones show neither cut- or butchery marks nor traces of carnivore or rodent gnawing. Nevertheless, most of the skeletal material was in extraordinary good condition, except for the pelvis, which was severely fragmented. Quantification of recovered skeletal elements of the Tulln specimen. The Ottoman commander released the imperial ambassador and his secretary in Tulln in August 1683 and obviously, as proven by written sources, the Ottoman troops were in contact with the inhabitants of Tulln. On the contrary, written sources describe a peaceful surrender of two prisoners of war. The surrounding of Tulln was besieged by the army division, but the town itself never was conquered. In summer 1683, Ottoman troops tried to reach Vienna and combed the region south of the Danube. Two building plots got new owners at the end of the century around the 1690, certainly the time when the cellar was backfilled, offering enough space to bury such a big cadaver in the center of the town. Tulln was affected by floods of the Danube and plagues such as the Black Death, which drastically reduced the urban development and a reduction of the inhabited area occurred due to conflagration and demolition of houses in the early 17 th century. These two exceptional finds place the filling containing the skeleton to the late 17 th century. A medicinal bottle made of lead contained the remedy “ Theriacum” produced in the chemist’s shop “ Apotheke zur Goldenen Krone” (approximately 1628/1665) in Vienna. A coin-a so called “ Rechenpfenning” depicts the countenance of King Louis XIV of France was dated from 1643 to 1715. Metal finds allowed a narrow and high resolution dating of the context. plates, pans and flagons), pieces of a tiled stove and enameled pipe bowls which date the filling in the early modern period, although the main part of the excavated material is not completely studied yet. The backfill of the cellar yielded masses of domestic refuse like animal bones and ceramics (e.g. In this study we combine archaeological as well as complementary morphologic and molecular genetic analyses to unravel the mystery of the sunken ship of the desert at the river Danube in Tulln. It is the first complete camel skeleton found in Central Europe and Central European territories under the control of the Ottoman Empire, apart from the complete skeleton of a dromedary recovered from the sediments of the Theodosius harbor on the European part of Istanbul. Its chronological position and the completeness of the skeleton highlights the uniqueness of the Tulln record. at the Amphitheatre Viminacium in Serbia. Yet, to this date only isolated bones or partly preserved camel skeletons have been found, e.g. Inserted map indicates the geographical position of the town Tulln in Austria with a triangle.Īrchaeological camel finds in Central Europe are not as unusual as one may expect covering a chronological span from Roman period till early modern age. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.įig 1. Burger, who is recipient of an APART fellowship (11506) from the Austrian Academy of Sciences. ![]() ![]() This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are creditedĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.įunding: EM and RF were supported by the Austrian Science Foundation FWF project (P24706-B25) to P. Received: OctoAccepted: JanuPublished: April 1, 2015Ĭopyright: © 2015 Galik et al. PLoS ONE 10(4):Īcademic Editor: Serge Muyldermans, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, BELGIUM (2015) A Sunken Ship of the Desert at the River Danube in Tulln, Austria. Citation: Galik A, Mohandesan E, Forstenpointner G, Scholz UM, Ruiz E, Krenn M, et al.
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